Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
&
Complex PTSD (CPTSD)
Trauma has a way of lingering, long after the event has passed. For many individuals, the nervous system continues to respond as though the danger is still present. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can develop following exposure to a single overwhelming event such as an accident, assault, or critical incident. It often presents through intrusive memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, emotional numbing, and avoidance of reminders associated with the trauma. These responses are not signs of weakness—they are the nervous system’s attempt to protect and make sense of what was experienced. The DSM-IV (TR) defines PTSD as the reexperiencing of trauma, often accompanied by feelings of increased arousal and by stimulus avoidance. ​​​​
Though not listed in the DSM-IV (TR), the World Health Organization (WHO) defines Complex PTSD (CPTSD) in their ICD-11. CPTSD emerges from prolonged or repeated exposure to trauma, often in relational contexts such as ongoing abuse, neglect, or coercive control. In addition to the core symptoms of PTSD, CPTSD typically involves deeper disruptions in emotional regulation, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships. Individuals may struggle with persistent shame, difficulty trusting others, a fragmented sense of identity, or patterns of relational distress that feel difficult to change. These patterns are often rooted in survival adaptations formed over time.
"Trauma is not what happens to you; it is what happens inside you as a result of what happens to you."
- Gabor Mate
The Myth of Normal
Both PTSD and CPTSD are highly treatable. Effective therapy focuses not only on symptom reduction, but on restoring a sense of safety, internally and in relationships. Treatment may involve developing emotional regulation skills, processing traumatic memories in a paced and grounded way, and strengthening secure attachment patterns. For many, this work also includes reclaiming a sense of agency, meaning, and personal coherence.
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Whether your trauma stems from a single incident or a prolonged period of adversity, healing is possible. With the right support, it is possible to move from a state of survival toward a life marked by stability, connection, and renewed hope.
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For a more in-depth description of CPTSD, click HERE to read an article in Science Direct.